SALA

 SALA

Botanical Name— Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.

Family- DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Synonyms— Agini vallabhã, Asva karna, Kanakalodbhava, Kalyana, Käntã, Kãnta bhtiruha, Ksana Kãmari, Devestab, Marica patraka, Yaksa dhupa, Rãla, Babu rupa, Lalana, Sarja, Sarja Rasa, akradru, Räla Niryasa, Vrscikãra, Seetalã rasa, Sarja niryasa, Surabha dãru, sasya Sambara, sãla niryãsa, sãIa rasa, Sarja niryasa, Surabhj,Sura hupa, Kãla, Kalaloja’.  

Names in different languages

Bengali English Gujarati Hindi Marathi Oria punjabi Tamil Telugu

Sakher, Sakhu, Sal, Common Sal, Indian Dammer Ral Sakher, Sakhua, Sal Guggilu, Rala, Sajara Rala Sagua, Salo, Sarijjo Sal, Seral Attam, Kungiliyam, Shalam Gugilamu, Sarjamu

Classification according to Caraka, Susrutha & Vagbhata

Caraka Samhita Suuta Samhita Astanga Sangaraha Astanga Hrdaya

Salasaradi gana, Rodhradi gana Asanãdi gana, Rodhrãdi gana, Vedanãsthãpana Asanadi gana, Rodhrãdi gana Asanadi gana, Rodhrãdi gana

Introduction-

    The resin used in bleeding piles , dysentery , Kusta (skin diseases) &Diabetes.

:

Varieties & adulterants 

(i)       Asvakarna – (ii) Ajakarna_- (iii) Asana – (iv) Sãla – (v) Sallaki -

Sãla bheda  Sãla bheda Pita sãla Sarja bheda Sã1a

(i) sãla = Shorea robusta Gaertn.
(ii) Sarja = Vateria indica Linn.
(iii) Avakara = Dipterocarpus alatus

(iv) Aja Karna = Shorea tumbuggaia

Morphology

Shorea robusta

 A deciduous tree with dark brown bark.

 Leaves- 12-32 x 5-16 cm., ovate-oblong, acuminate, coriaceous, cordate base, petiole 1.2-2cm long;

Flowers- 1.4 cm long, yellowish, in terminal and axillary racemose panicles 8-23 cm, long; calyse- tubular, grey, tomentose outside, Petals narrow- oblong tolanceolate, silky- tomentose outside. Stamens upto 60,

Fruit- 1.2 cm long, ovoid acute andindehisent. Seed ovoid, flesty with unequal cotyledons.

Distribution & Habitat.

Kangra dist. of Himachal Pradesh, Ambala dist. of Haryana Darrang dist. of Assam. western parts of west Bengal, Orissa and Visakhapatnam dist. of Andhra Pradesh.

Properties

Rasa : Kasaya,madura

Guna: ruksha,usna

Virya: seeta

Vipaka : katu

Karma : vãta-pita hara,stambhana,vrana ropana

Chemical composition :

tannins (pyrogallol type). Oleanolic acid. Benzofuranshoreaphenal, Sal Dammar, Epi-II— taraxastanonol, beta—sitosterol, hydroxyanone,

dammarenediol II, dipterocaipol, dammarenolic acid, asiatic acid and ct—amyrin are isolateu. Ursolic acid, ursaldehyde ,Corlagin, ellagic, chebulic and gallic acids phenolic acid- shorbic acid

Indications— Kãnda bhagna (fractures), Visa roga (poisoning), Kustha (Skin diseases), Vrana (ulcers), Yoni roga (gynaecological conditions), Karna roga (ear diseases), Atisãra (diarrhoea), Dagha Varna (burns), Rakta pitta (haemorrages), Kandü (prurities) etc.

Part Used-. The bark, sap wood, heartwood, resin, oil, seeds and seed oil

Dosage— Decoction of bark- 50 to 100 ml powder of resin- 1-3 g.

External uses : The ointment of rat cleanses wounds and heals them. It is useful in burns, dadru. Vipadika, analgesic etc.

Internal uses

Nervous system : Vataghna therefore analgesic. Used in ear diseases and eyes.

Digestive system : sal is deepan and pachan. As it is pachan and astringent, it is useful in diarrhoea, rakta pravahika and bleedtng piles.

Circulatory system : Haemostatic hence used in bleeding and in haemolytic anaemia.

 Respiratory system Bark is kaphaghna .Antibacterial in the respiratory system.

Urinary system — Bark antidiuretic and hence used in diabetes. useful in urinary tract infections

Reproductive system : anti-inflammatory . It is an aphrodisiac and is useful leucorrhoea.

Skin : Kushthaghna and antidiaphoretic agent.

Satmikaran : Since it is astringent, it is used for facilitating reunion of fractures. By rukshguna it reduces meda. By these properties, it is useful wounds and obesity. a

Important Yogas or Formations

Sarjarasadi Iepa, Vipadika kapa, Atasiadi lepa.
.

Srotogamitva
Dosha Kapha
Dhatu : Rakta. mansa. asthi (rejoins the fractures), shukra Ivitilizer).
Mala : Purisha (astringent) sweda (reduces sweating). (In burns, ral ointment is very useful).

Important research work going on

(1) antifiertility action

Therapeutic Uses—

(1) Galaganda— ãlaniryasa along with Gomütra to be administered orally (S.S.Ci.18/53)’.

 (2) Pandu— ã1asärãdi gana cUrna (powder) and Amalaki powder with honey is taken internally (S.S.Ut. 44/24)2.
(3) Prameba— ãIa, Saptaparna, Kampillaka, Vrksaka, Vibhitaki, Kapitthia, Rohitaka and Arjuna are to be powdered and administered orally with heney and Amalaki Svarasa as Anupãna (Vehide) IA.H.Ci. 12/15-16)’

(4) Hikkã & vãsa— The fumes of resin from S. robusta (Sarja rasa) may be useful (S.S.Ut.50/18)2.

NAGAKESARA

 NAGAKESARA

Botanical Name— Mesua ferrea Linn.

Family- GUTIIFERAE 

Synonyms— Ahi Puspa, Ibha, Kanakãhva, Kañcanãhvaya, Kiñijilkam, Kesaram, Cãmpeyam, Natam, Nagam, Naga Kiñjilkam, Naga Puspam, Naga renuka, PaficabhUvayam, Piñjaram,Phani pannagam, Rukmam, Suvarnam, Hema pusam.

Names in different languages

Assam Bihar Bengali English Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Punjabi Tamil Telugu Oriya

Naboor Nagkeshur Nagesar Iron-wood of Assam, ceylon Iron wood. Naghas, Nogkesar Kanchana, Nagasampige Nagachempakam, veluttachempakam Nagachampa Naga kesar Irul, Karunangu Naga kesarãlu Nageshvar

Classification according to Caraka, Susrutha & Vagbhata

Susruta Samhita : Elãdi, Vacãdi, Anjanãdi, Priyangvadi ganas

Caraka Samhita

Astanga Sangraha : EIädi, Vacädi, Anjanadi, Priyangvadi ganas

Asanga Hdaya : Elãdi, Vacãdi, Añjanãdi, Priyangvadi ganas

Introduction—

It used as lepana for visarpa (bala rogas). Susrutha & Vagbhata used synonyms of this plant, this also coming under chaturjataka.

Varieties & adulterants  - (CV – controversy, AD – adulterants

(1) Naga kesara - Mesua ferrea Linn

(2) Pacima kesara - Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth &
Hook, f., (lal varieties)

(3) Punnaga - Calphyllum inopylrur linn

(4) Karu Nagakesara – Cinnamomum wightii/ C. tamala

(5) Dillenia pentagyna-malabar naga kesara

Morphology

(i) Mesua ferrea Linn—

It is a medium sized tree; bark ash-coloured.

Leaves- 8- 12 by 3-4 cm. oblong-lanceolate, acute acuminate, glabrous above and glaucous beneath, petioles 6-8 mm. long.

Flowers- white coloured, 2-2.5cm. deameter, axillary or terminal, stamens are numerous, golden-yellow coloured.

Fruit- 2.5-3 cm. long.Ovoiad.seed- 1-4, angular, smooth, chestnut brown in colour.

Distribution & Habitat.

eastern Himalayas, Bengel, Assam, eastern and western ghats and Andaman Islands.

(ii) Ochrotarpus longifolius Benth & Hook f—(tree)

 Leaves- thickly coriaceous, 16-20 cm. by 5-6.5 cm., oblong, obtuse, glabrous, petioles 6 mm. long. Flowers- numerous, in short fascicles on tubercles from the axils of fallen leaves, orange red coloured; stamens many, sterile in female flowers

 Fruit 2.5 cm. long. obliqualy ovoid, single seed.

Mesua ferrea

Distribution & Habitat

Along western ghats of Konkan and Malabar area, Tamil nadu.

 Chemical constituents

(i) Mesua ferrea— Mesuol , Mesuaxanthofle B- and euxanthofle 4- a1kylcoumnu0l MammeiSin ,Mamiflegin & mesuol from seed oil (Phytochem. 1971,10,1131). mesuaferrofle glycoside- cyclohaxodione- mesuaferrol, sitosterOl. Octadecatriefloic and hexadecanOic acids are present in seed oil

(ii) Ochrocarpus longifolius— Mammca surgia,Kosterml. 4- alkylated coumarins- Surangin A and B. Squalene, Cycloartenol, campesterol, stigmasterol and bsitosterol. Vitexjn and mesojnositol

Important Yogas or Formations

Kanakasava,catujataka,eladichurna,kesaradi kasayam.

Properties—

Rasa Kasäya, Tikta

Guna Rüksa,  Tiksna, Laghu

Virya - Usna/Anusna

Vipaka - Katu

Karma - Kapha- Pittahara Pramãti, Grãhi, Pachan,

Visahara, sotha hara, Kandughna, Kushtaghana

Indications-. Raktaras Raktatisãra, Rakta Pradara, Kustha, Visarpa, Jvara, Chardi, Vãta rakta, sopha, Vãta roga, siro roga, Trsnã, Visa roga,

External use

Lepana in visarpa

Internal uses

Central nervous system :it is useful in brain debility and hysteria.

Digestive system : It is an appetizer, mainly digestive, antidipsetic, antiemetic, antihaeniorrhoid, astringent and vermicide. It also acts as a haemostatic in bleeding piles.

Circulatory system :, it is used in cardiac debility, rakta pitta, and blood disorders.

Respiratory system: It is used in cough induced by kapha, dyspnoea anti hiccoughs

Reproductive system : It is used as an aphrodisiac

Urinary system : Diuretic, hence useful in retention of urine.

Skin : Kushthaghna..

Temperature : Febrifuge. Useful in fever.

Satmikaran : It is used as a .tonic and antidote,

Dosage : 1 to 2 gms

Part used— Stamens, leaf.

Dosage— Powder of stamens l-3g. orally.

Clinical Studies

(1) It found to be useful in female patients suffering from Sveta pradara (vaginal monaliasis).

Important research work going on

1.Anti fungal activity

2.Anti bacterial activity

Therapeutic Uses—

(1) Rakta Aras— Naga kesara cürna (2-3gm) shall be administered orally alongwith butter and sugar (C.S.Ci.14/210)’
(2) Hikkã— Nagakesara cürna (2-4gm) is given orally with honey and sugar along with (S.S.Ut.50/24)2.
(3) Rakta Pradara— Nagakesara cürna is to orally administered while consuyming plenty or butter-milk daily
(4) Sveta Pradara— Naga kesara is soaked in the buttermilk and administered orally for 3 days (V. S. & Y. R.)4.
(5) Rakta Atisãra— Nãga kesara churna with sugar (V. S.)5.
(6) Pumsavana— The lady who wants to have a female child should consume Nagakesara along with ghee (5gm dose daily) during the period of ovulation (Rtu kãla)- (R. M.)’.

(7) GarbhaStP Powders of Naga kesara and Püga (beetle nut) are mixed together and given orally.

TUVARAKA

 TUVARAKA

Botanical Name— Hydnocarpus wightiana Blume

Family- FLACOURTIACEAE

Names in different language

Hindi-Chalmogara; Bengali- Choulmogara; Kannada- Garudaphal; Marathi- Kadu Kaveet; Malayalam- Kodi; Tamil- Maravattai; Telugu- Adavi badam, Malayalam - Marotti

Synonyms— Katu Kapittha, Kustha Vairi, Alasakapahã

Classification according to Caraka, Susrutha & Vagbhata

Caraka - nill
Susruta - Ubhayatobhagahara-
Vagbhata - Ubhayabhãgahara

Introduction— This drug mainly used for the treatment of skin disorders like Kustha cikitsa. Seed oil is also useful.

 Morphology

An evergreen deciduous tree, upto 16 m or more in height. Bark rough, brown. Wood whitish, but generally turns brownish-grey due to fungal sap-stain and becomes streaked.

Leaf- oblong, ovate or elliptic, somewhat serrate, 10-16 cm long. Flowers- small, solitary  fascicles, greenish-white.

 Fruit- globose, mammilate, tomentose, 5.1-10.2 cm diameter. Seeds 15-20, striate, subovoid, obtusely angular, 2.0- 2.5 cm. long.

Distribution & Habitat

Tropical forests of western ghats from Konkan southwards.

Varieties & adulterants  - (CV – controversy, AD – adulterants) 

1. Avicennia officinalis – saireyaka

2. Hydnocarpus kurzii

3. Taraktogenos Kurzii

4. Gynocardia odorata  [CV]

Hydnocarpus anthelminticus

chemical constituents

Seeds & Seed hulls— Hypnocarpic, chaulmoogric and its homologues, gorlic, oleic and palmitic acids; anigenin, luteolin, chrysocnisol, hydnocarpin, isohydnocarpin and methoxy hydnocarpin.

Properties—

Rasa Katu, Tikta

Guna Snigdha, Tiksna

Virya Ushna

Vipãka Katu

Karma Kapha-vãta atiara, Rasayana, Dipana, Kushtaghna, Krmighna, Grãhi.

External uses :

 it uses in antipyretic, antiparasitic, cleaning and healing of wounds and curative properties. Effective in tuberculosis, lymphadenopathy, fistula and bone ulcers, rheumatoid arthritis, gout in which pain is the chief complaint. Bhasma used for anjana which has curative action ( fruit pulp )

Internal uses :

Nervous system: Analgesic

Digestive system : Useful in ascites and helmithiasis, Emetic, purgative and anthelmintic

Circulatory system :purifies impure blood.

Urinary system Useful in urinary disorders,

Srotogamitva
Dosba Kapha srota (fluid absorbant).
Dhatu Rakta, meda, ma)ja, snayu.
Mala Mutra. -
Organ Eyes - ointment is useful in various eye disorders.

Indications— Kusta, Prameha, Netra Roga, Kandu, Krimi

 Part Used— Phala Majjä (fruit pulp), Seeds, Bija Taila (seed oil)
Dosage— Oil— about 5ml for sodhana procedures;

seed powder 4 to 5 g.

Important preparations— Tuvaraka Lepam, Tuvaraka Tailam, Tuvarakãsthi Vataka.

Research works—

 1. action against leprosy bacilli

2.action in nerve cells

Therapeutic Uses—

(1) skin diseases— bark paste

VARUNA

VARUNA

Botanical Name— Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.

Family- CAPPARIDACEAE 

Names in different languages

Hindi-Varuna, Varna; English- Three leaved caper; Telugu-Ulimiri
Chettu; Marathi- Hadvarna; Tamil- Maralingam;

Malayalam: Nirmadalam

Synonyms— Varana, Kumãraka, Tikta säka, setu, sãka Drma, Tãmalaka, sveta puspa.

Classification according to Caraka, Susrutha & Vagbhata

Caraka – Tikta skañdha

Susruta  Varunädi, Vata Samamana, Kaph Samamana

Vagbhata Varunädi

Introduction—
     Recently proved that this drug could use hepatomegaly & spleenomegaly.

Morphology

Medium sized tree

Leaves– tri folius,lanceolate or obovate

Flowers-terminal corymbs,ovate , acute

Fruit– globose, woody

Seed– embedded in pulp, brown

Indications— Kusta, Prameha, Netra Roga, Krimi

Distribution & Habitat

All over India especially Madhya Pradesh, Bengal, Assam, Malabar

External uses Bark powder applied on the skin- used in inflammation, abscess and lymphadenopathy,

Internal uses :

Digestive system :uses in distension, agnimandya, pain, liver diseases and worms.

Circulatory system : The decoction of the bark is used for purification of blood, gout, internal abscess and lyrnphadenopathy

urinary system : It destroys urinary calculi, dysuria and pain inhibiter. Its bark or decoction of the roots is used in these disorders.

Temperature :. Its paste application is done on the forehead to reduce giddiness in fever.

Satmikaran : Juice of leaves is used as nutritious.

Important Yogas or Formations

Varunadi quath. Varuadi Ghrit, Varunadi Tailam.

Srotogamitva

Dosha : Pittavaha srotas (vitiates pitta). reduces kapha vata.
Dhatu : Rakta, medya (lymphadenopathy) to reduce fat, bone abscess).
Mala : Urine (destroys urinary calculi): stool — (vermicide).
Organs Liver, kidney.
The smoke of dried leaves helps in deviated nasal septum (Sawant).

Part Used— Phala Majjä (fruit pulp), Bija (Seeds), Bija Taila (seed oil)

Dosage— Oil— about l0ml for sodhana procedures;

seed powder- 1to 5g.

Important research work going on

1.action on cardiac system

2.Action against worms.

Therapeutic Uses—

(I) Netra roga— Pulp of Tuvaraka fruit, rock salt and Srotañjana are made as coal by Antardhuma process first. Then the chaulmogar oil is mixed with it and applied as eye ointment in Arma roga.

(2) Rasayana... Chaulmogar oil is used as Rasayana (A.H. Ut.32)